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The terrible spectacle of the battlefield covered with dead
and wounded, together with the heaviness of his head and the news
that some twenty generals he knew personally had been killed or
wounded, and the consciousness of the impotence of his once mighty
arm, produced an unexpected impression on Napoleon who usually
liked to look at the killed and wounded, thereby, he considered,
testing his strength of mind. This day the horrible appearance
of the battlefield overcame that strength of mind which he thought
constituted his merit and his greatness. He rode hurriedly from
the battlefield and returned to the Shevardino knoll, where he
sat on his campstool, his sallow face swollen and heavy, his eyes
dim, his nose red, and his voice hoarse, involuntarily listening,
with downcast eyes, to the sounds of firing. With painful dejection
he awaited the end of this action, in which he regarded himself
as a participant and which he was unable to arrest. A personal,
human feeling for a brief moment got the better of the artificial
phantasm of life he had served so long. He felt in his own person
the sufferings and death he had witnessed on the battlefield.
The heaviness of his head and chest reminded him of the possibility
of suffering and death for himself. At that moment he did not
desire Moscow, or victory, or glory (what need had he for any
more glory?). The one thing he wished for was rest, tranquillity,
and freedom. But when he had been on the Semenovsk heights the
artillery commander had proposed to him to bring several batteries
of artillery up to those heights to strengthen the fire on the
Russian troops crowded in front of Knyazkovo. Napoleon had assented
and had given orders that news should be brought to him of the
effect those batteries produced.
An adjutant came now to inform him that the fire of two hundred
guns had been concentrated on the Russians, as he had ordered,
but that they still held their ground.
"Our fire is mowing them down by rows, but still they
hold on," said the adjutant.
"They want more!..." said Napoleon in a hoarse voice.
"Sire?" asked the adjutant who had not heard the
remark.
"They want more!" croaked Napoleon frowning. "Let
them have it!"
Even before he gave that order the thing he did not desire,
and for which he gave the order only because he thought it was
expected of him, was being done. And he fell back into that artificial
realm of imaginary greatness, and again- as a horse walking a
treadmill thinks it is doing something for itself- he submissively
fulfilled the cruel, sad, gloomy, and inhuman role predestined
for him.
And not for that day and hour alone were the mind and conscience
darkened of this man on whom the responsibility for what was happening
lay more than on all the others who took part in it. Never to
the end of his life could he understand goodness, beauty, or truth,
or the significance of his actions which were too contrary to
goodness and truth, too remote from everything human, for him
ever to be able to grasp their meaning. He could not disavow his
actions, belauded as they were by half the world, and so he had
to repudiate truth, goodness, and all humanity.
Not only on that day, as he rode over the battlefield strewn
with men killed and maimed (by his will as he believed), did he
reckon as he looked at them how many Russians there were for each
Frenchman and, deceiving himself, find reason for rejoicing in
the calculation that there were five Russians for every Frenchman.
Not on that day alone did he write in a letter to Paris that "the
battle field was superb," because fifty thousand corpses
lay there, but even on the island of St. Helena in the peaceful
solitude where he said he intended to devote his leisure to an
account of the great deeds he had done, he wrote:
The Russian war should have been the most popular war of modern
times: it was a war of good sense, for real interests, for the
tranquillity and security of all; it was purely pacific and conservative.
It was a war for a great cause, the end of uncertainties and
the beginning of security. A new horizon and new labors were opening
out, full of well-being and prosperity for all. The European system
was already founded; all that remained was to organize it.
Satisfied on these great points and with tranquility everywhere,
I too should have had my Congress and my Holy Alliance. Those
ideas were stolen from me. In that reunion of great sovereigns
we should have discussed our interests like one family, and have
rendered account to the peoples as clerk to master.
Europe would in this way soon have been, in fact, but one
people, and anyone who traveled anywhere would have found himself
always in the common fatherland. I should have demanded the freedom
of all navigable rivers for everybody, that the seas should be
common to all, and that the great standing armies should be reduced
henceforth to mere guards for the sovereigns.
On returning to France, to the bosom of the great, strong,
magnificent, peaceful, and glorious fatherland, I should have
proclaimed her frontiers immutable; all future wars purely defensive,
all aggrandizement antinational. I should have associated my son
in the Empire; my dictatorship would have been finished, and his
constitutional reign would have begun.
Paris would have been the capital of the world, and the French
the envy of the nations!
My leisure then, and my old age, would have been devoted,
in company with the Empress and during the royal apprenticeship
of my son, to leisurely visiting, with our own horses and like
a true country couple, every corner of the Empire, receiving complaints,
redressing wrongs, and scattering public buildings and benefactions
on all sides and everywhere.
Napoleon, predestined by Providence for the gloomy role of
executioner of the peoples, assured himself that the aim of his
actions had been the peoples' welfare and that he could control
the fate of millions and by the employment of power confer benefactions.
"Of four hundred thousand who crossed the Vistula,"
he wrote further of the Russian war, "half were Austrians,
Prussians, Saxons, Poles, Bavarians, Wurttembergers, Mecklenburgers,
Spaniards, Italians, and Neapolitans. The Imperial army, strictly
speaking, was one third composed of Dutch, Belgians, men from
the borders of the Rhine, Piedmontese, Swiss, Genevese, Tuscans,
Romans, inhabitants of the Thirty-second Military Division, of
Bremen, of Hamburg, and so on: it included scarcely a hundred
and forty thousand who spoke French. The Russian expedition actually
cost France less than fifty thousand men; the Russian army in
its retreat from Vilna to Moscow lost in the various battles four
times more men than the French army; the burning of Moscow cost
the lives of a hundred thousand Russians who died of cold and
want in the woods; finally, in its march from Moscow to the Oder
the Russian army also suffered from the severity of the season;
so that by the the time it reached Vilna it numbered only fifty
thousand, and at Kalisch less than eighteen thousand."
He imagined that the war with Russia came about by his will,
and the horrors that occurred did not stagger his soul. He boldly
took the whole responsibility for what happened, and his darkened
mind found justification in the belief that among the hundreds
of thousands who perished there were fewer Frenchmen than Hessians
and Bavarians.
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